Best Wishes for Your Birthday

Some people like to celebrate their birthdays  alone. Others enjoy making a big splash and inviting friends for a grand celebration. Most people have a small party with their near and dear ones.  If you enjoy being with friends and family  but cant celebrate your birthday with them this year, dont feel depressed.  You can still make your birthday special with just a little effort. A birthday is a good time to take up an activity that youve never tried.  Choose one  that involves other people so you wont feel so lonely on your birthday. Perhaps you can learn ballroom dancing or yoga.  Visit a luxury spa or salon and pamper yourself. Treat yourself to exotic massages and dont feel guilty about spending money on yourself. You deserve special treatment.  If youre in a benevolent mood, visit a local orphanage and donate generously. Spend time helping the needy. Youll feel an immense sense of satisfaction and spiritual fulfillment. Heres a list of birthday wishes from the famous and not-so-famous that might inspire you to reflect on your life and how you would like to improve it. Maurice Chevalier Old age isnt so bad when you consider the alternatives. Alexander Pope Pleasd to look forward, pleasd to look behind, And count each birthday with a grateful mind. C.E.M. Joad Men are like wine. Some turn to vinegar, but the best improve with age.​ Oscar Wilde The old believe everything; the middle-aged suspect everything; the young know everything.​ Fred Astaire Old age is like everything else. To make a success of it, youve got to start young. Daniel Francois Esprit Auber Aging seems to be the only available way to live a long life. Mark Twain Age is an issue of mind over matter. If you dont mind, it doesnt matter. Pennsylvania Dutch Proverb We grow too soon old and too late smart. Ubie Blake If Id known I was going to live this long, Id have taken better care of myself. J. P. Sears Let us respect gray hairs, especially our own. Lucille Ball The secret of staying young is to live honestly, eat slowly, and lie about your age. Lucy Larcom Whatever with the past has gone, the best is always yet to come. Bernard Baruch We grow neither better or worse as we get old, but more like ourselves. Stephen Wright I intend to live forever—so far, so good! Martin Buxbaum Some people, no matter how old they get, never lose their beauty—they merely move it from their faces into their hearts. Jerry M. Wright The first sign of maturity is the discovery that the volume knob also turns to the left. Plautus Let us celebrate the occasion with wine and sweet words. Pablo Picasso It takes a long time to grow young. Les Brown You are never too old to set another goal or to dream a new dream. George Burns Nice to be here? At my age, its nice to be anywhere. Robert Frost A diplomat is a man who always remembers a womans birthday, but never remembers her age.

Recognition in Tragedy - Othello Essay - 1561 Words

’There are various degrees of recognition in tragedy. In Othello, recognition is minimal: the protagonist learns what he has done and what he has lost, but learns little or nothing about himself.’’ How far do you agree? – This is a quote that I have adapted into my thesis, taken from ‘’A Book of literary terms’’. Anagnorisis, a Greek word meaning ‘’recognition’’, is described by Aristotle as ‘’a change from ignorance to knowledge’’. I agree with this statement as, in the play Othello, Othello’s character experiences this transition but not fully, he doesn’t get to the point of self realisation where he can be ‘’wash[ed]’’ (V.II.278) or cleansed to reach redemption. In Othello, recognition is minimal as the character never manages to†¦show more content†¦268-269). This could indicate his first real signs of recognition. He gets a sense of detachment and is able to look at himself and compare his actions as others would. He goes on to describe Desdemona as ‘’ill –starred’’ meaning ill-fated. This brings him back to square one in my eyes, these words showing us that he still believes there is a chance that her fate was already set out for her, and therefore no thing could have been done. He places responsibility in the hands of fate - he calls Desdemona an ill-starred wench – this hardly being a gallant course of action. I found it interesting that he goes on to plead ‘’ wash me in steep-down gulfs of liquid fire’’ (V.II. 278). Using the word ‘’wash’’ is a strange way to describe a punishment, as usually it would be associated with purification and cleansing. Here he is asking to be cleansed with ‘’liquid fire’’ but one cannot be washed with fire, fire is associated with burning and destruction, and more importantly hell. He knows he will go to hell for it, ‘’fiends’’ (V.II.273) snatching him back from heaven. In his initial self-disgust and remorse at realising the truth of Desdemonas innocence, Othello is genuinely anguished. This look of thine will hurl my soul from heaven and fiends will snatch at it. (V.II.272-273) - Ima gery being used to describe hell to us and how he sees it through his eyes, ‘’fiends’’ being another word for devil. It is clear that he is in torment because of her death, but is it becauseShow MoreRelatedOthello, By William Shakespeare Essay1203 Words   |  5 PagesDramatic play entitled Othello is an unusual story full of jealousy, dark misunderstandings, lies, and regrets. Following Aristotle s definition of a true tragedy, where does the tale of Othello fall? Is Othello too dramatic too be considered a tragedy or does it barely fall along the lines of tragic? Shakespeare s innovation with poetry and dramatic plays have been recognized by critics and playgoers throughout the centuries (Lee,1899). The Bard s play entitled Othello, is among some of the mostRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Shakespeare s Othello1613 Words   |  7 Pages A tragedy is one of the most captivating forms of drama as it truly grasps the attention of its audience. It unleashes hidden emotions and allows the viewers to escape their own realities. In Aristotle’s, Poetics, he analyzes the theory of a tragedy and explains that the essential criteria of an ideal tragedy consists of the plot, character, thought, diction, spectacle, and song (Aristotle, 169). According to Aristotle, tragedies also often focus on a tragic hero who possesses a flaw which ultimatelyRead MoreShakespeares Use of Aristotles Guidelines to Tragedy in Creating the Play Othello1572 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout time, the tragedy has been seen as the most emotionally pleasing form of drama, be cause of its ability to bring the viewer into the drama and feel for the characters, especially the tragic hero. This analysis of tragedy was formed by the Greek philosopher Aristotle, and also noted in his Poetics (guidelines to drama). As a playwright, Shakespeare used Aristotle’s guidelines to tragedy when writing Othello. The play that was created revolved around the tragic hero, Othello, whose tragic flawRead MoreOthello Essay1172 Words   |  5 PagesOthello Essay William Shakespeare’s Othello tells a story of the tragic downfall of a man through jealousy and mistrust, influenced by the manipulative actions of another. Due to innumerable changes within society over time, it is inevitable that a wide range of critical interpretations and readings of the text will emerge. My personal interpretation of the play draws from the concepts of the traditional Aristotelian views of a tragedy. An Aristotelian interpretation concerns itself with whetherRead MoreRecognition and Reversal: Othello1703 Words   |  7 PagesA Miller Prof. Gould ENG 262 12-3-11 Recognition and Reversal: Othello Aristotle classifies both recognitions and reversals as the greatest point of tragedy in a play or story. Recognitions and reversals are consistently used to develop character, advance the plot, and get a reaction of pity and fear from the audience. Recognition is the act of realization or knowledge or feeling that someone or something present has been encountered before. ReversalsRead MoreOthello as a Tragedy of Character1649 Words   |  7 PagesOthello as â€Å"A Tragedy of Character† â€Å"Tragedy of Othello/ The Moor of Venice† is a typical of classical tragedy and is regarded as the greatest work of William Shakespeare by many critics. While writing his play in 1604, Shakespeare adapted the story from Italian author Cynthio’s novella called Hecatammithi which was written in 1565. In order to bring a comment on play’s being â€Å"a tragedy of character† it’s necessary to emphasize on these points: general characteristics of classical tragedy, â€Å"TragedyRead MoreTragic Hero in Othello by William Shakespeare1306 Words   |  6 Pagesno one can know for certain because of the inexact documentation at the time the plays were first being organized and published† (para. 1). This meant that many of his plays might had been lost or forgotten. Of the thirty-seven plays he wrote ten tragedies, seventeen comedies, and ten histories. William followed these genres to the end; however, he did not follow the classical models. Thes e innovations made it harder for the types of genre to be recognized because they all started to blur togetherRead MoreReputation Of Men And Women In Othello1118 Words   |  5 Pagesand society, but it influenced the manner in which men defined honor as evident in William Shakespeare’s â€Å"The Tragedy of Othello.† During the 16th century, a woman’s reputation determined the way in which society regarded her. Women who were deemed unfaithful would often be ridiculed by their community and treated as second class citizens. In William Shakespeares â€Å"The Tragedy of Othello,† the character of Bianca is portrayed as a promiscuous woman who is often a source of amusement for other charactersRead MoreAntigone and Othello: Tragic Heroes Essay examples957 Words   |  4 PagesOthello and Antigone are both tragic heroes. They do great deeds and have great power or strength. For example, Othello defeats Venices enemies. Antigone makes sure that a Theban right is a Theban due. But fatal character flaws destroy the lives of the two heroes. Both of them suffer from pride and uncontrolled passion. Othello is so proud of his integrity and courage that he doesnt recognize his violent temper and his manipulability by Iago. Antigone is so proud of her commitment to the true,Read MoreEssay about The Impact of Gender on Shakespeares Othello 1376 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare’s Othello In the book â€Å"Gender Trouble† (1990), feminist theorist Judith Butler explains â€Å"gender is not only a social construct, but also a kind of performance such as a show we put on, a costume or disguise we wear† (Butler). In other words, gender is a performance, an act, and costumes, not the main aspect of essential identity. By understanding this theory of gender as an act, performance, we can see how gender has greatly impacted the outcome of the play in William Shakespeare’s Othello. From

Litigation - Study Questions free essay sample

The paralegal is responsible for the litigation process. Some of the responsibilities of the paralegal are preparing casework, investigations, preparing briefings, conducting interviews and scheduling and maintaining client contacts. The support staff are those individuals within the firm that work collectively to accomplish assignments. Investigators are those that conduct the research and gather facts regarding the case to validate or find fault in legal issues of the case. The information technologists (IT) individuals are those who maintain the software and hardware in the firm and keep the necessary equipment operational. Question #4. Why do lawyers in civil litigation rely upon the members of a legal team? Lawyers rely on the members of the team because of the amount of work that has to be accomplished to prepare a case. Law firms have assigned duties and responsibilities for these members and they work collectively to accomplish their goals. Question #5. What are the skills required of the civil litigation paralegal? The skills necessary for the paralegal include having people and communication skills, being resourceful, being committed, having analytical abilities, and being professional. The paralegal is expected to be a well-rounded professional influence in the firm. Question #6. What are the tasks the civil litigation paralegal can expect to perform? The paralegal can expect to conduct interviews of the clients and witnesses, investigate facts to validate or discredit data, conduct discovery, drafting pleadings, assisting at trial, time keeping, and maintaining the budget. Question #7. Explain the relationship between the skills of the paralegal and the tasks assigned. The relationship between the skills and tasks are the client representation and ensuring there are no conflicts of interests. The skills are necessary to accomplish the tasks required to function. Question #8. Does having family members working in separate offices of the same firm create issues of client confidentiality? There would be no issues in client confidentiality if the family members left work at the office and did not talk about the case outside their office. Chapter 2 Review Questions: Question #3. What is ethics? Ethics are basic guidelines for conduct. These are also known as rules of professional responsibility. Question #4. What is the purpose of the confidentiality rule in the legal setting? Confidentiality allows the client to work with the attorney and legal team by relaying personal information so they can provide counsel and assistance. The confidentiality rule assures the client that this information will remain confidential and non-disclosed. Question #5. Can the confidentiality between attorney and client be lost? Yes, this information can be disclosed to prevent the commitment of a crime and to defend against a client’s suit. Question #6. What ethical guidelines, if any, does your state follow? The military environment follows the Standards of Conduct, providing guidance to military personnel on standards of conduct and ethics. Violations of the punitive provisions by military personnel can result in prosecution under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). For civilians, the consequences can be fines, civil penalties, and termination of employment. Question #7. What is the ethical obligation of a paralegal to the firm’s client? The paralegal should disclose their status to the client at the beginning of the relationship. Question #8. What is the ethical obligation of the paralegal to the court? The paralegal should avoid all conduct that undermines the integrity of the litigation process. They have an obligation not to mislead the court or opposing counsel. Question #9. What is the ethical obligation of a litigation support staff member to the client? To the court? Of a litigation support person from outside firm or consultant? The support staff owes the client confidentiality and fairness. They owe the court their honesty in not misleading the court with false statements or facts known to be false. The litigation support person owes their confidentiality and ethical conduct. Question #10. Why is conflict of interest an issue for the legal team? If the legal assistant or paralegal â€Å"floats† or works with different staff within a firm, this could cause a conflict of interest. Question #11. What are the ethical issues for a law firm using outside computer or technology consultants? The issues are with the data within those types of equipment. Client confidential information cannot be available to anyone outside the representing legal team. Using outside equipment creates a potential for data leak. Question #12. Do the ethical rules of fairness prevent lawyers from aggressively advocating a client’s position? So long as the attorney complies with the rules of the court and presents truthful facts and data to support the client’s position, no ethical dilemma occurs. Question #13. Why would a partner in a law firm be required to supervise the other lawyers in the firm? The supervising attorney is responsible for the ethical conduct of everyone on the legal team. There is a duty to supervise to ensure no ethical breaches or lapses occur. Question #14. How can members of the legal team demonstrate that they have been adequately supervised? By their commitment and performance of their duties. They can also show where they have received documented guidance and training. Thomas F. Goldman Alice Hart Hughes, Civil Litigation: Process and Procedures (2nd Edition) (2011)

Risk Management Plan Travel

Trip Overview and Description Travel is a popular activity and involves visiting of variety of sites and participation in an assortment of activities. Due to the varied nature of terrain and risk involved with some activity it is essential to plan adequately prior to the excursion.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Risk Management Plan: Travel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In line with this one of the most important activities to undertake prior to departure is to prepare an overview of the trip and highlight some of the expected activities (Stellin 2006). This is mainly important due to the fact that it helps in reaching the desired destination. This overview and description requires that some research is undertaken by the organizer of the trip prior to making travel arrangements. In case the party is undecided on a destination it is necessary to consider the goals of the trip and visit websites which can be ve ry helpful in identifying a suitable destination (Stellin 2006). Important aspects to consider include weather patterns and peak seasons. This will play a major role in deciding on methods of travel and weighing potential losses or gains from alternatives (Stellin 2006). Other necessary considerations include holidays and significant events within the locality. In addition to that high and low seasons are often accompanied with changes in prices and will have an influence on the budget and as such must be researched and mentioned in an overview. In addition to the above points it has been mentioned that a glimpse at government sites may be helpful to see the authority’s position in regard to your proposed destination (Stellin 2006). Information that may be gleaned from government include terror alerts, penalties for drug possession, medical requirements, traffic and road conditions, aviation standards and potentially useful information on banking and scams, etc. It is also cr ucial to provide information on age demographics in relation to the trip to ensure appropriate participants are sought.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Leadership Before embarking on any outdoor activity it is essential to identify a leader for the proposed excursion. The main reason for this is due to the fact that should an emergency arise taking apposition of responsibility is potentially frightening. To avert such a situation it is best to select an effective, capable and trained individual to take on such a role beforehand (Barton 2007). The leader will take charge during an emergency where a democratic approach to solving the problem may lead to catastrophe. For this reason it is clear that the leader must possess some qualifications suitable for the role. The main role of the leader is to handle an emergency situation with as much concentration and focus as possible and avoid the distraction caused by panic (Barton 2007). It is suggested that though hands on involvement is useful, whenever possible a leader should delegate duties and create a sense of involvement. This allows the leader to focus on their key responsibility which is making good decisions and avoiding bad choices. It has been mentioned that the quality and experience of the leader can have major role to play in the safety and success of outdoor activity. The staff where available and leaders of outdoor activity are undoubtedly the most major influence on safety in any outdoor activity (Barton 2007). For this reason it is recommended that the leader is selected keeping these key traits in mind as opposed to the group disposition. Trip Itineraries In an outdoor activity the itinerary is the overall plan of how the activity will be carried out. It includes time for each activity, expected routes and a variety of information on the activity. The importance of the itinerary thus grow s based on the duration for the proposed trip or activity (Redmond, Foran Dwyer, 2010). A short trip such as a day hike on a well marked trail may not require much work as everyone knows where they are going. However, for a longer excursion a detailed itinerary detailing the specifics such as the size of the party, departure time and return time is crucial to manage safety for larger parties on longer excursions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Risk Management Plan: Travel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such an itinerary should include the number of people in the party, their expected time of departure and return. In addition to that the equipment taken for the activity and the persons in charge of this equipment may need to be logged as well (Redmond, Foran Dwyer, 2010). On completion of the trip any changes in the itinerary can be used to form queries that may be the solution to an emergency that had taken place earlier in the day. Maps and information about the region can be very useful and increase interest in the trip when included in the itinerary (See Appendix A B). It is advised to leave the itinerary with a responsible individual who can contact emergency services should there be a need for that (Redmond, Foran Dwyer, 2010). For example if on an outdoor hiking trip the itinerary could be handed to the ranger in charge of the park or attendant in charge (Redmond, Foran Dwyer, 2010). This document is also useful in estimating aspects such as walking pace to maintain during the excursion. In addition to that it is useful in planning various sections of the trip such as rest stops where the group can catch their breath while the leader checks whether the party navigation is on track (See Appendix C). Equipment During the management of outdoor activities equipment is crucial to the success and even the completion of various activities. For this reason in planning an outdoor acti vity it is necessary to carry out a needs assessment to evaluate whet the program requires (Walker Seidler, 1993). This needs assessment involves an overview of the situation and makes considerations such as whether the program is new or existing. It is also crucial to consider if the activity is intended to be done for recreation or competitively (Walker Seidler, 1993). This is evident due to the fact that the needs for an elementary school will vary greatly when compared with those of a college. In making consideration on equipment to be used for the proposed activity it becomes important to consider the space available for this activity. This is because most equipment comes with directions on the space requirements for optimal operation. Lack of adherence to the considerations therefore renders the installation of such facilities unsafe (Walker Seidler, 1993).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition to the above considerations it is clear that the desired activity will influence the selection and purchase of equipment. Alongside this comes the health and safety of participants involved. It goes without saying that the equipment chosen must first and foremost promote the safety of the participants for it to be considered suitable (Walker Seidler, 1993). Water Sources and Treatment It has been reported that the presence of large volumes of water is often regarded a fundamental requirement for outdoor recreation (Jenkins Pigram, 2003). This occurs for two reasons namely, the water acts as a medium for recreation or to enhance the appeal of the recreational setting. This position in relation to water lets us know that adequate consideration should be given to the water used in these settings. The activities undertaken in water include diving, snorkeling and other deep sea activities as well as rafting, canoeing and fishing which are more common in river waters (Jenkin s Pigram, 2003). Due to the widespread appeal of water for recreation there has been a surge in usage that has led to situation where water quality is lowered and thus unsuitable for outdoor activity. This is especially due to the fact that for activities such as fishing the quality and quantity of water play a major role in popularity (Jenkins Pigram, 2003). In addition to the above considerations it has been mentioned that in outdoor activities it is crucial to treat any water taken from unprotected sources (Muller, 2003). This arises due to the fact that such water which is available in these circumstances can cause illness and as such remedial action is necessary. In addition to that it is advisable to practice proper hygiene in outdoor activities (Muller, 2003). Untreated water comes with potentially harmful micro organisms such as Giardia which if ingested can cause serious medical problems to an individual (Muller, 2003). Such organisms are introduced to the water due to an imal activity or sewerage that seeps into the water from nearby settlements. For this reason it is advisable to purchase pills used for water purification prior to visiting these areas. Weather Related Information It is important that during any outdoor activity the collection of information is carried out as an ongoing process (Dickson Gray, 2012). Information such as predictions on weather patterns can be a major factor in relation to safety of outdoor activities. For this reason it is essential to update the party in relation to most current weather prior to embarking on an excursion while taking time to consult on any expected changes in weather (Dickson Gray, 2012). In this regard it has been observed that the internet and mobile technology has played a significant role in averting potential crisis (Dickson Gray, 2012). Due to this technology it is now possible to view live radar images and examine river height gauges within minutes as opposed to hours in the past. Some info rmation that may be relevant includes the expected temperatures, water levels in rivers and wind related information (See Appendix D). However, despite the advances in technology it has been observed that communicating weather information may at times be difficult due to remoteness. In such instances it has been suggested that good knowledge of the locale may prove useful in the outdoor activity (Dickson Gray, 2012). Transportation This aspect forms a significant part of the budget allocated for any outdoor activity (Harrison, 2012). For this reason a properly planned outdoor activity will require the analysis of various options for transportation. In this regard some considerations to make will include the type of vehicles, whether to lease or outsource transport another company, among other considerations. The age demographics of the group also play a role in selection of appropriate mode of transport for the activity. It is important to keep in mind that there are significant ri sks and legal implications to be considered in relation to transportation. The individual in charge must confirm efficiency and safety standards offered by any proposed contractor (Fulbrook, 2005). The distribution of routes and scheduling of transport must also be carefully coordinated and any changes quickly communicated to other members of the transportation unit. This is believed to be a sure way to minimize disorder and lack of satisfaction during the activity. Rules and Regulations In many outdoor activities there is a significant degree of risk involved which with the guidance of an experienced guide can be overcome. However, in certain instances there may arise occasions when due to unforeseeable circumstances an injury or accident occurs. It is reported that many times this occur due to lack of adherence to the laid down rules and regulations (Harrison, 2012). In order to avoid any subsequent legal actions that could come about it is considered wise to provide a document co ntaining the rules and regulations that will govern the trip and potential risks involved. In instances where such a document is produced and signed by participants, the organizer or individual in charge can be considered legally protected from legal action. This however does not imply that negligence is tolerated but acts as a barrier to protect the organizer from unfair legal actions (Harrison, 2012). Risk Assessment and Management In operating a successful outdoor program one of the major tasks is the evaluation and management of risks. The identification of risks involved can be achieved by using four specific categories namely field, operational, financial and strategic risks (Harrison, 2012). Field risks include environmental hazards such as flash floods. Operational risks include poorly managed equipment and inappropriately trained staff. Financial risks include unexpected financial losses due to increased expenditure during seasonal changes. Strategic risks include issues th at may arise due to lack of vision and foresight (Harrison, 2012). Once all the potential risks have been identified it is important to categorize them based on their likelihood to provide a clear picture of issues that need to be tackled (See Appendix E). Based on the picture presented it becomes easier to identify strategies to counter these potentially risky situations (Harrison, 2012). This process and the strategies identified form the organization’s risk management program and should be embraced within the organization as part of organizational culture (Harrison, 2012). Among the important aspects that may be included in such a program include possible additional training that should be given to staff. In addition to that it is crucial to identify and prepare material that needs to be shared with participants prior to the activity. Emergency Action Plan It should be noted that an emergency action plan (EAP) is a very essential component of any outdoor activity. There is no standard EAP for all outdoor activities based on the fact that facilities, communities, resources and communication facilities available vary a great deal (Moffitt, 2011). In addition to that the plan should be distributed t relevant personnel and participants as an invisible EAP is worthless. The EAP should include guidelines to be followed in various scenarios such as fires and other emergency situations. It must include guidelines on the evacuation routes and procedures to be followed in the event of an emergency (Moffitt, 2011). Such a plan should also include telephone numbers of hospitals and medical facilities close by to assist with casualties and other medical related issues (See Appendix F). As is seen in the appendix the document is a detailed writing that categorizes risks and clearly defines response to the risks within the organization. It also provides information on the staff in charge in case of an emergency and the training received for the situation (CDC, 2004 ). Contingencies Just as with any activity there is a need for some preparatory actions made to handle unexpected situations in business. For example, a camping site may be prepared to accommodate twenty tents but due to circumstances be forced to deal with twenty five tents suggesting an unexpected increase in the size of the party. These situations call for an alternative plan in place to handle such scenarios (Martin, 2006). In addition to such circumstances contingency planning should cater for activities that can be undertaken when weather interrupts or causes postponement of one activity in the itinerary. Such planning ensures participants are kept engaged and receive and experience worth their while. Miscellaneous In addition to all the above mentioned plans and guidelines there is still need to cater for additional requirements that may arise in the course of outdoor excursions. An example of this occurs where a member of the visiting party is accompanied by an aged person o r a young infant. In such cases the organization will need to have prepared or arranged to acquire some equipment such as safety seats for babies or wheel chairs to cater for senior citizens. To provide a memorable and efficient outdoor trip there is no limitation to the extent of preparation necessary. It is not uncommon to find that the more prepared organization attracts more clientele simply as a result of this. References Barton, B. (2007). Safety, risk and adventure in outdoor activities. London: Paul Chapman Publishing. Breckenridge. Sample Itineraries. Web. CDC. Emergency Action Plan. (2004). Web. Cyborlink. China Business Etiquette, Culture, Manners. (2012).  Web. Dickson, T., Gray, T. (2012). Risk Management in the Outdoors: A Whole-of-Organization Approach. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. Fulbrook, J. (2005). Outdoor activities, negligence and the law. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Company. Harrison, G. (2012). Outdoor Program Administration: Principles and Practices. Printed in the USA: Sheridan Books. Jenkins, J., Pigram, J. (2003). Encyclopedia of Leisure and Outdoor Recreation. London: Routledge. Martin, B. (2006). Outdoor Leadership: Theory and Practice. Printed in the USA: Human Kinetics. Moffitt, J. (2011). Day Camp Programming and Administration: Core Skills and Practices. Muller, J. (2003). The Colorado Year round Outdoor Guide. Golden, CO: The Colorado mountain Club Press. Redmond, K., Foran, A., Dwyer, S. (2010). Quality Lesson Plans for Outdoor Education. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Stellin, S. (2006). How to travel practically anywhere. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. Walker, M., Seidler, T. (19993). Sports Equipment Management. London: Jones Bartlett Publishers International. Yellowstonepark. Interactive map. (2011).  Web. Appendix Appendix A: Sample Map of Yellow Stone Park (Yellowstonepark, 2011). Appendix B: Research and Supplemental Information on China (cyborlink, 2012). Appendix C: Sample itinerary (Breckenridge n.d.) Appendix D: Sample Weather Information (Dickson Gray, 2012). Appendix E: Sample Financial Risk evaluation (Harrison, 2012). Appendix F: Sample Emergency Action Plan This essay on Risk Management Plan: Travel was written and submitted by user Lea Y. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How Fasion Merchandising Fits Into a STEM Education Program

Aeneas the Hero essays

Aeneas the Hero essays Despite his accomplishments and the glory associated with his life, Aeneas only achieved some fantastic goal or status of a hero through divine intervention, and this god-given position causes him just as much grief as it does splendor. What is a hero? A Courageous or Valorous man (Websters). We would like to think that a hero is someone who has achieved some fantastic goal or status, or maybe someone who has accomplished a great task. Heroes find themselves in situations of great pressure and act with nobility and grace. Though the main character of Virgils Aeneid, Aeneas is such a person, it is not by his own doings. He encounters situations in which death is near, in which love; hate, peace, and war come together to cause both good and evil. In these positions he conducts himself with honor, by going along with what the gods have in store for him. Only then does he go on to pave the way for the Roman Empire. His deeds, actions, and leadership would never have come to be if it were not for the gods. The gods took special interest in Aeneas, causing him misfortune in some cases, giving his assistance in others. On the whole, the gods constantly provide perfect opportunities for Aeneas to display his her oism. Without them, Aeneas would not be the hero he is. This gift does not come without a price, though; he must endure the things heroes endure to become what they are. Despite his accomplishments and the glory associated with his life, Aeneas only achieves the status of hero through divine intervention, and this god given position causes him just as much grief as it does splendor. Aeneas is the son of Venus. This fact alone brings about much of the hero in him. Venus is a concerned mother, always looking out for her son she does everything she thinks will help to endure his safety and success. At the beginning of his journey form Troy, she prevents his death at sea when Juno persuaded King Aeolus to c...

Business case to successfully justify a suitable Knowledge Management Essay

Business case to successfully justify a suitable Knowledge Management System (KMS) for managing its tacit knowledge - Essay Example This thesis report highlights the importance of Knowledge Management System in an information-consulting firm that makes implementations of solutions like ERP in order to validate and substantiate the administration of its tacit knowledge. In addition, the Knowledge management theories, methods, and structural design that the enterprise can implement will come under evaluation in conjunction with the knowledge assessment of the company’s tacit knowledge, and will identify the necessary and existing gaps. Based on the assessments and the gap analysis, a framework and collection of possible approaches comes under proposal and recommendation that can better understand the needs of the talked about enterprise, reduce and shrink the threats involved in a Knowledge management system, and eventually facilitate the company in its development and growth. Furthermore, the discussion of the paper will also highlight and accentuate the advantages of a Knowledge Management System that will contribute to the business value of the ABC consulting firm and its productivity. Background Information As the world has entered into the twenty first century, it has undergone many technological advancements and improvements and the industries are transforming their manual processes onto technology-based processes. With this increasing demand of technology, and the growing competition, it becomes complicated and challenging to react to such market oscillations and instability. Therefore, several corporations are moving towards the implementation of solutions such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), which is considerably one of the best solutions for the integrated processes, which raise and augment the competitive advantages of the corporations’ (Khosrowpour, pp. 115-118, 2001). The service provider or the information consulting company of these kinds of solutions is the subject of study and report that comes under limelight. Customization has always come under contempl ation and observation as the best alternative way out of any situation, trouble, or different business scenarios from the standard ones that the customer experiences during the implementation phase. It is imperative to comprehend the business processes coupled to the experience factor for the administration of designed and spontaneous situations while implementation. Therefore, during the entire life cycle of the ERP implementation, Knowledge Management is the key and crucial aspect that comes under utilization by the employees in the information-consulting firms (Khosrowpour, pp. 115-118, 2001). The entire life cycle comprises of planning, business process analysis, requirement mapping, gap analysis, system design and configuration, data conversion, communications, end-user trainings, pilot run and production run. As these processes are

Explicative Style Paper on The Lack of Islam in American Public Term

Explicative Style on The Lack of Islam in American Public Schools and the Struggle of Muslim's to gain their own American - Term Paper Example These include the assimilation degree of the Muslims into society, national identity, and religious and civil law inter-relation. One avenue for finding a balance between security and identity issues with diversity tolerance in the society. The United States’ ideal, contending â€Å"out of many, one†, has assured that Muslims can participate in the maintenance and improvement of America as a culturally pluralistic democracy (Moore 286). However, the question arises as to the effects of the war on terror on American assimilation of Islam, both in the education system and society. This paper will argue that there is wanting progress on assimilating Islam into the education system while the formation of an Islamic-American identity is a struggle. The Lack of Islam in American Public Schools Religious illiteracy among American teachers has made it likely that teachers in the system will harbor generalizations and prejudices concerning Islam, which hinder the attempts to acc ommodate Islam in the education system (Aown 1257). Such bodies have long identified the basic requirements that Muslims need to uphold their Islamic faith in public schools as the Council on Islamic Education. These bodies have also raised vital issues that need to be on Islam and State that have now become difficult for public schools resolve. However, some of the state sponsored schools have found it difficult to make some of the accommodations that have been identified. At the heart of this issue is the extent to which the requirements and needs of Islam can be represented in the education system. Another issue that has held accommodation back is the failure of the teachers to understand whether the First Amendment’s establishment clause, prohibits the American state from accommodating religious groups to exercise freely. The religious belief requirement in the First Amendment’s free exercise clause could cause friction with the establishment clause when the studen t wants to practice his/her beliefs in a public school (Aown 1258). The teaching fraternity must ensure that the requirement for belief not to be hindered must be in balance with sensitivity not to give overwhelming state support for specific beliefs (Aown 1259). Some Americans are of the belief that, as long as support by the state is not preferential, then it is all right, whereas others believe that state support is not acceptable. However, it is possible to make thoughtful and sensitive accommodations easily without raising any questions to do with the constitution. For example, it may be possible to allow Muslim students for them to wear modest clothes, or even allow them to skip some social activities without any violation of school policies. In addition, some schools allow Muslim students to be absent for some religious holidays, although this is not widespread. While this accommodation may be considered a reasonable accommodation, some teachers resist it, mostly because they do not understand Islam and the importance of these holidays. Accordingly, some local district and state schools have been criticized for refusing to assent to these holidays (Aown 1259). This can be improved by placing Islamic holidays together with holidays for other religions for teachers to plan on the school calendar. While some schools have began to implement excusal policies that let Muslim

Crimes against Humanity in Tibet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Crimes against Humanity in Tibet - Essay Example In return, to the peaceful pursuit of their rights, a group faces negative pressure from their counterparts, which may be a strong force, far much, beyond what the first group has engaged to pursue their rights. The struggle is characteristic in some countries in the world, in which some perceived minority groups continue to suffer violent attacks and killings, from their counterparts. One of the most commonly recognised groups of people that have faced the struggle of this nature is the Tibetans in the hands of the dominant and majority Chinese community. For some time, there has existed a struggle between the Tibetans and the larger Chinese community because they have diverse belief systems. While the Tibetans would not like the form of life of the larger Chinese community, they experiences immense pressure each time they attempt to advocate for their rights as independent group. Through the killing of peaceful demonstrators from the Tibet side, the attacks have risen to a level of crime against humanity and therefore, it has attracted criticism from different people and institutionsi. Tibet is a region that has people who practise religious beliefs that are very different from the major Chinese community and this problem sparked crime against humanity. While people in the Tibetans practise Buddhist, the Chinese community practise Confucianism faith, a religious practise that is far different from the Tibetans’ religion. In an attempt to influence the Tibetans to follow the Confucianism, the Chinese Communists have used unnecessary force that is against the law to discourage the Tibetans from the Buddhist religion. Some of the notable incident in this case is when the Chinese communist destroyed the Buddhist monasteries so that they minimise the effects of the religion in the Tibet area. This was a calculated move to disintegrate the Tibetans from meeting together as a group of people solidified by religion. The rights that each individual in the world has to worship the way he or she could be willing and in the places they would like is contravened. Although the event has faced a lot of condemnation from the religious leaders of the Tibetans, the crime continues to suppress the place of the religion among the Tibetans. The injustice that does not only require local intervention but also requires to be addressed by international jurisdiction, which will help the Tibetans to reclaim their possession and have protection. Throughout time, the attempt of the Tibetans to pursue their rights to worship has been unfruitful with many processes of jurisdiction taking years to addressii. Chinese communist regime has advanced to curtail the freedom of the Tibetans when they are in the monasteries for worship to prevent the Tibetan Buddhists from advancing their religion. The Chinese communists focus on influencing the Tibetans to Confucianism but not to allow them to practise their religious rituals and they have regularly monitored the are as of worship. This has resulted to development of enmity between the religions of the two groups in which the Tibetans are the minority and the Chinese communists are the majority. Regardless of the outcry from the spiritual leader of the Tibetan

Effect of Tissue Culture Plastic Surfaces

Effect of Tissue Culture Plastic Surfaces Summary: The design of this experiment was conducted in order to analyse the effect of tissue culture plastic surface and establish the optimal tissue culture plastic surface for growing the Human Fibrosarcoma HT 1080 cell line, which is still lacking even this human cell line is commonly used in vitro studies and it is strongly recommended as a gold standard for the Lentivirus titration. In this context it appears especially interesting to which extent the HT1080 cell line proliferation depends on which type of tissue culture plastic plates were used in any experiment. In this study we optimized the growth and the proliferation of the HT1080 cell line by growing them in three different 96 wells tissue culture plates including Falcon, Corning and Greiner, and study the cells proliferation using XTT assay Roche based. Thus we considered the HT 1080 cell line proliferation curve obtained on 2 weeks time and we investigated the proliferation influence of this cell line seeded in 3 diffe rent plastic plates. We found that falcon tissue culture plastic were could be more widely considered as a potential plastic ware tool for growing HT 1080 cell line from proliferation curves obtained under 3 different experimental plastic plates, Falcon 96 well tissue culture plate was more likely suitable plastic plate to be used in seeding the HT 1080 cell line. Introduction Cell culture known to be a complex process by removal of tissue or cells from plants, animals, microbes (such as bacteria and viruses), and fungi process them by growing them in specific conditions and atmospheres. In the 19th century scientist discovered the way of maintaining live cell lines taken from the animals tissue [1]. Principle of tissue culture was established by Wilhelm Roux In 1885, he removed a part of the medulla oblongataHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medullary_plate dish of an embryonic chicken and preserved it in a warm saline for some days2[2]. The methodology of tissue culture was established by Ross Granville Harrison, while he was published results of his research work from 1907-19103[3]. In 1950s Cell culture techniques were progressed significantly in virology research, which helped in manufacture of vaccines. Development of antibiotics helped tissue culturing to be success, as it made it easy to avoid tissue culture contaminations[4]. Types of tissue culture There are two types of tissue culture used for growing cells, adherent and suspension cultures. Adherent cells are known to be anchorage-dependent and attachment to a solid surface is a requirement for proliferation. Generally, the cells grow as an adherent monolayer and discontinue dividing when they reach a density that they touch each other. The majority of cells are adherent as they derived from solid tissues[5]. Cells cultured from bone marrow, spleen or blood adhere poorly if at all to the culture dishes. These cells in the body naturally live in suspension or they are loosely adherent. Adherent cells need a solid phase like tissue culture plastic, which might be layered with extracellular matrix components to raise adhesion properties and supply other signal required for differentiation and growth. Suspension cultures are easier to spread, since subculture requires only dilution with medium. Moreover, cultures with cells growing attached to each other or to a solid phase have to be treated by a protease to break the bond between the cells and solid surface. Trypsin is the most commonly enzyme used. Obviously, freely suspended cultures do not require trypsinization. Thus, they are easier to harvest. Maintain cells in culture Different cell types need different environments to survive in the culture. Environment means is to allow the cells to increase in number by mitosis (cell division). To achieve that, suitable temperature ( 37oC) is required as cells need it to grow happily and that can be achieved by proper calibration, frequent checking, and good maintained incubators. Second, good quality substrate (Glass and Plastic) for better attachment by using attachment factors (collagen, lamnin, and fibronectin) and excellent cell growth. Finally, proper culture media and maintained incubator for accurate pH and osmolality[10]. Cell culture medium The culture medium should got the proper nutrition of the cells requirement, growth factors, control the osmolality and pH, and present vital O2 and CO2 gases [11]. The culture medium provides necessary nutrients that are included into dividing cells, such as fatty acids, amino acids, sugars, vitamins and carbohydrates and all of these help to provide the necessary energy to build a new proteins and metabolism. The pH of the medium can be control by buffer which is usually a CO2 based or an organic buffer (e.g HEPES) to maintain the pH level in suitable range 7.0 7.4. Sodium Bicarbonate usually used in most cultures media as a standard buffer. Furthermore, Phenol Red is usually added as pH indicator in media, which change when if pH 7.4 decreased. The osmotic pressure adjust the regulation of the substances flow inside and outside of the cell, which is managed by adding salt to the medium. Supplement such as fetal serum enhance the cells growth when it is added to media as it consis t of high growth factor concentration and low antibiotics concentration. In addition, serum protein when added to media it acts as nutrition and it undertakes transporter function via cell membrane and combines toxic metabolic products. Antibiotics and antimycotics must be added to the culture media as it suppress the bacterial and fungus growth. Contamination and cell culture contamination consider to be a serious problem as it can end an experiment to misidentified or lead to wrong outcome. Recent, studies propose 15-20% of the time researchers been a victim of contamination[9]. There are two types of cell culture contamination, biological and chemicals. Biological contamination caused by fast growing yeast, bacteria and fungi. This type of contamination changes the turbidity of the medium and have observable effects on the cell culture. On the other hand, there are other types of biological contamination which are very difficult to detect such as; mycoplasmas and viruses. Chemical contamination caused by many different agents involve metal irons, plasticizers and Endotoxins[1]. Different plastic wares used in cell culture The use of disposable plastic materials for tissue culture has become popular, and in many laboratories plastic cell culture vessels have completely replaced glassware. For example, multiwell plastic plates are used for comparing different growth conditions, plastic wares, media, growth factor, sera and cytotoxines. Untreated plastic surfaces (usually made of polystyrene) are generally unsuitable for the culture of vertebrate cells, because they do not permit ready attachment and spreading of cells(19). Thus the polystyrene must be subjected to a surface treatment to make the plastic surface suitable for cell attachment(21).Chemical methods, such as sulfuric acid-sodium carbonate rinses (4) and alcohol rinses (5), have been proposed to modify plastic surfaces so that cell attachment occurs. Cell viability and proliferation The quantification of cellular growth, including viability and proliferation and, is essential to optimize the cell culture conditions. Measurements of cell viability assess the number of healthy living cells and dead cells, whereas measurement of cells proliferation is used to assess the response of cells to a specific stimulus or toxin quantitantion of culture growth. Cells proliferation is significant in steering maintenance as it is an essential element for controlling the stability of the culture and identifying the superlative time for the optimum dilution, sub culturing, and the estimated platting competence at various cell densities. Proliferation rate is a key quantitative parameter to be estimated when studying the dynamic behaviour of a cell population, measure of cells growth and obtain the cells growth curve. Fibrosarcoma cell line (HT1080) HT-1080 cell line is mainly human fibrosarcoma adherent cell line (15). It was instigated from a biopsy of a fibrosarcoma obtained from the acetablum of a 35 year old male in July 1972 the patient had never received radiation or chemotherapy therapy. A fine piece of the tumor tissue was cultured into plastic flasks and dishes were sheltered with Eagles minimum essential medium with 10% fetal bovine serum and antibiotics . Quick trypsinization and picking procedures were used to reduce fibroblasts from the cultures(16). The human fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080 is strongly recommend as the gold standard for reproducibly titrating Lentivirus. Lentiviruses belong to Retooviridae Family, which are the most multitalented of retroviruses since they are capable to infect, transduce and maintain expression in approximately any mammalian cell. Lentiviral vectors obtained from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) have become main apparatus in mammalian cells for gene delivery. The beneficial characteristic of Lentiviral vectors is the capability to mediate competent transduction, mixing and long-term expression into non-dividing and dividing cells both in vivo and in vitro. The most commonly used cell lines for titrating are adherent cells which show a replication time in the range of 18-25 hours. The human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell line is able to give more accurate viral titres because these cells are easily transduced and very efficiently by recombinant Lentiviruses . To produce reliable transduction res ults using a known multiplicity of infection (MOI), it is essential to titrate Lentivirus stocks, and that can be determined by infecting HT1080 cells with serially diluted supernatants produced using control vector containing an easily detectable receptor gene (e.g. Lac Z and fluorescent protein). Furthermore, titration values will depend heavily on the cell type and method used for titration, so there may be significant differences between titres determined in cells typically used for titration and the number of target cells that are ultimately transduced. However titrations are important for determining the relative virus content of stocks prepared from different vectors , Confirming the viability of virus stocks, Determining the optimal transduction conditions, Adjusting the MOI to control the viral copy number of transduced cells, Determining the maximum number of cells that can be infected by a virus stock. Additionally, the human fibrosarcoma cell line HT-1080 has been used widely to study the consequence of anti-inflammatory agents such as glycocortiodis on the gene expression of inflammatory mediator(17) and in the study of the extracellular matrix proteins involved in attachment, invasion and metastasis. It is also has been involved in assessment the function of the Ras-oncogenes in the altered phenotype and the function of the expression of the rentiblastoma gene product in the cellular response to therapy(18). In most studies that used the Human Fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell line in their studies there is inconsistencies regarding the growth of this cell line with different media, different serum and different tissue culture plastic surface. Thus, it remains mainly descriptive and not quantify the relative influence of the underlying type of media, serum or plastic surface on cell growth and proliferation. Aim of this study In order to find the optimal plastic tissue culture plates for this cell line, I aimed to optimize the growth and the proliferation of the Human Fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell line by growing them in different tissue culture plastic plates including Falcon, Greiner and Corning plates and study their proliferation using colorimetric assay(XTT based, Roche). Materials and methods Tissue culture (pre-experiment to obtain growth curve of HT1080 cell) Tissue culture of HT1080 cell line Experiment was performed using Human fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080 (ATCCCCL121) epithelial cells. This cell line was obtained from ECACC European collection of animal cell cultures. Cells were grown in HPA culture collections facilities (catalogue number :85111505). Routinely, cells were grown in complete medium composed of Dulbeccos Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM supplemented with high glucose liquid without phenol red, without L-Glutamine + 1% Non Essential Amino Acids (NEAA) + 10% Foetal Bovine Serum (FBS) (all were purchased from PAA). The bench surface were cleaned before starting tissue culture, to avoid any contamination The cells were Cultured and grown in 75 cm2 falcon flask which was kept in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 at 37oC for 24 hours to obtain the optimum growth condition. The cells were subculture every 3 days which helped to achieve 0.45-1.0X 106 cells/ml. all the culturing and sub-culturing procedure were done in class II safety cabinet. Cell count The cells were twice a week checked for any contamination before cell count done, the media should be in a good condition, and healthy clear yellow color should be observed. HT1080 cells were counted by using counting chamber (haemocytometer) as it shown below. (A, B, D, and C) as shown above contain 16 small squares of volume 0.1mm3 or 10-4 cm3 which means (length x width x height). 10ul of HT1080 cells were placed between the counting chamber and cover slips. After cells settle the haemocytometer were fixed under light microscope with X40 magnification. The cells were counted and equation was used to find out the total cells number and then it was divided by 4 to obtain an average X104 cells/ml. Cells can be sub-cultured in fresh supplemented media. Actual concentration = Dilution factor required Desired concentration Sub- Culture of HT1080 All cells were detached by using tryptirization by trypsine/EDTA (0.1% /0.02%) solution, average of 60X104 cells/ml of HT 1080 cells were reseed into new labeled flask (75 cm2). Then 20 ml of media was added to the same flask. Finally it were kept in the incubator for 24 hour at 37oC in 5% CO2 atmosphere. obtain growth curve of HT1080 cell Briefly, 1ml from the cell suspension were mixed with 480ul of MEM media (PAA). Then 100ul of the tissue culture medium equally distributed to all wells of 96 tissue culture plastic multiwells plate except the first row as 200ul of the cell suspension mixture was added to whole first row. Then Serial dilution was performed by taking 100ul from the first row of 96 wells and transferred to the second row wells (shown in the figure below). The last 100ul were discarded after doing serial dilution in the sixth well (each dilution included four wells) Finally the 96 wells tissue culture micro plate were kept for incubation (at 37Co, 5% CO2) for 24 hours. Proliferation assay The cells proliferation was studied by using XTT proliferation assay (Cat. No. 11465015001) by Roche. First, the XXT solution was prepared by thawing the XTT labeling reagent and the electron-coupling reagent, respectively in a water bath at 37oC. Mix each vial thoroughly to obtain a clear solution. Then XTT labeling mixture was prepared by mixing 4ml of XTT labeling reagent with 80ul of electron-coupling reagent, to prepare the XTT labeling mixture. Finally, 50ul of the XTT prepared mixture was added to all wells of 96 wells tissue culture plates wells after the incubation period of 24 hours and the plate was incubated in the incubator in humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 at 37oC for 6 hours . Reading the tissue culture multiwell plate After 6 hours of the incubation period, the plate was kept in the ELISA spectrophotometer reader (Tecan sunrise colorimeter) to measure the absorbance of HT1080 cells at 450nm and obtain the cells growth curve. Tissue culture of HT1080 cell line (Actual experiment) Growing the HT1080 cell line in 3 different tissue culture plastic 96 wells plate including Greiner, Falcon and Corning.this experiment conducted within two weeks. From the previous obtained graph of growth curve of HT1080 cell line the seeding density of all our future subculture fixed to 60X104 cells/ml. First of all, the tissue cultured flask checked under the microscope to check the cell growth confluence. Then cell counting was performed to seed all the 3 different 96 wells tissue culture plastic plates at cell density of 60X104 cells/ml and that was possible after finding out the dilution factor by applying an equation (see below). Usually we used dilution factor 1:19. Actual concentration = Dilution factor required Desired concentration After preparing the correct dilution of HT1080 cell line, plates were seeded with 60X104 cells/ml ,100ul/well. Each plates was divided to four parts for four days to run the experiment, for example the first part was labeled as day 1, second part day 2, third part day 3 and the last part day 4 with 6 wells for each day along with 2 blank, total of 8 wells daily. Then the tissue culture plates were incubated in humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 at 37Â °C for 24 hours. ( see figure 2). Day4 Day3b Day2 Day 1 Figure 2: Cells suspension +proliferation reagent Blank: media only Cells proliferation assay After the incubation period of 24 hours, the XTT solutions were prepared as explained previously and added to the first part of each different tissue culture plates each part was included 6 wells. Then the tissue culture plates were incubated again in the incubator at 37Â °C in 5% CO2 for 24 hours. After 6 hours of the incubation period, the platse were kept in the ELISA spectrophotometer reader (Tecan sunrise colorimeter) to measure the absorbance of HT1080 cells at 450nm. Then the plates were returned to the same incubator and used for the rest of days. The same procedure of preparing proliferation reagent and reading the plates was performed to obtain the results and check the cells proliferation for the rest of days . Results This investigation was done to rule out the growth density of the Human Fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell line to be seeded in three different 96 wells plastic tissue culture plates to study the growth and the proliferation of this cell line. HT1080 cells were seeded as described in 96 wells plastic plates and incubated for 24 hours in media. For cell proliferation, XTT mixture reagent was added after the incubation period . Briefly, 96 well plates of from each different plastics plates used were seeded with HT1080 cells(6X103 cells/ml, 100 ul/well) and incubated for 24 hours in media. After 6 hours of incubation, the HT1080 cell line proliferation rate were measured by using Tecan sunrise colorimeter at 450nm and the following growth curve was being obtained. Figure 1: shows a growth curve of the human fibrosarcoma HT 1080 cell line by using XTT assay. Measurement of the HT 1080 cell line proliferation incubated in the 96 well plate on culture medium alone for 24 hours and allowed to adhere. After adding XTT reagent cells were incubated for 6 hours. Then the cells proliferation was analyzed by Tecan sunrise colorimeter at 450 nm, the log phase were determined as 6X103. From the obtaining HT 1080 cell line growth curve (figure 1) the initial Lag phase where the cells were growing very slow started from 1562 cells /ml to approximately 6000 cells/ml. then the HT1080 cell growth starts to accelerate into the exponential phase which represents the period when the cells are growing most rapidly. This phase continued till the number of cells reached 25000 cells/ml which may due one or more nutrients became limited, oxygen became depleted and or metabolic by products accumulate to toxic level. After that the cells were Decelerated (Declined). This was followed by a Stationary phase, during which there was no discernible change in cell concretion. Finally if the cells were kept more time we may observe of cell death and lysis which results in a decrease of cells number. The cell growth density was determined by observing the ht1080 cell line growth proliferation curve and it was decided to be 6000 cells/ml as our standard density for this experiment. This investigation was designed to study the proliferation of Human Fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell line in 3 different 96 well plastic tissue culture plates including Falcon, Corning and Greiner. Briefly, 96 well plates from each different plastics plates used were seeded with HT1080 cells(6X103 cells/ml, 100 ul/well) and incubated for 24 hours in media. For each investigation sample were set up in 6 wells. After incubation, the HT1080 cell line proliferation rate were measured by using Tecan sunrise colorimeter at 450nm and the following result were being obtained. n = 2 Figure 2: Determine comparison of the HT1080 cells proliferation by growing them in three different 96 wells plastic microplates (Falcon, Greiner and Corning) by using XTT assay for 5 days in MEM media . Each experiment includes 6 duplicate reading . The graph represent the average of three independent experiments data mean, while the errors bars represent the standard deviation of the data. The results that obtained from this experiment revealed that, the Human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell line showed different growth proliferation rate depends on the plastic wares including Falcon, Greiner and Corning that have been used in this study (figure 2). The same cells seeding density that was obtained previously from the HT1080 cells growing curve(6X103) were applied to all the 96 wells plastic tissue culture plates. Falcon, Greiner and corning plastic plates showed varies proliferation in the mean (ÂÂ ±SD) number of HT1080 cells. From our graph the cells that were grown in Greiner plate proliferate at slower rate in comparison to the other two types of plastic plates were used. On the other hand, the cells showed good proliferation in Corning plate with double increased in the mean (ÂÂ ±SD) number of HT1080 cells compared to the proliferation which was obtained in Greiner plate. In contrast the cells, which were seeded in Falcon plate showed the best proliferation of H T1080 cells from the first day of the experiment till the last day and reached a peak at day 4. Moreover, from the obtained data it was clear that we can see HT 1080 cell that were seeded in Falcon plate were proliferating two times more than the mean (ÂÂ ±SD) number of HT1080 cells in Corning plate and three times more than the mean (ÂÂ ±SD) number of HT1080 cells in Greiner this continued with same significant proliferation rate till the last day of our experiment . Discussion Our results confirm that the plastic wares have a major influence on the Human Fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell line adherence, growth and proliferation. It was very clear from our obtained data that Falcon tissue culture plastic plates shown to be the best plastic ware to optimize the growth and the proliferation of the Human Fibrosarcoma HT 1080 cell line between the other two plastic Corning and Greiner that were used in this experiment. Although the three types of plastic surface treatment almost the same but these cells were growing with different proliferation rate on these plastic wares surface. The human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell line are extensively accepted as the standard target cell for titrating Lentivirus because these cells are transduced very efficiently by recombinant Lentiviruses. The health of HT1080 cells at the time of transfection has a significant effect on the success of Lentivirus production. Use of unhealthy cells will negatively affect the transfection efficiency, resulting in production of a low titre Lentiviral stock. For optimal Lentivirus production (i.e. producing Lentiviral stocks with the expected titers) the cells should be healthy and greater than 90% viable. Furthermore, the growth characteristics of this cell line HT1080 changes depending on media formulations, plastic ware used and sources of serum used. Generally, cell attachment, growth, and cell-to-cell contacts on a surface or extracellular matrix substrate are extremely complex proceedings involving cell adhesion molecules. An additional factor leading the growth of cells is the composition of the culture medium, especially serum which supplies the essential nutrients for cells and influences the cell attachment. As it contains numerous extracellular matrix proteins . However, there are known limitations to serum in culture medium. Apart from being expensive, it can interfere with specific assays and introduce variability due to inconsistencies and the presence of indeterminate components. When growing any cells, one of the first thing is to optimize all culture conditions. Generally people know about Media, FCS/FBS, CO2 concentration, split ratios etc, but very few ever think about TC Plastic.corning, costar, nunc, greiner, falcon, tpp etc will all support cell growth, but optimizing your conditions can save time and money in the long run. Culture environmental conditions influence the proliferative characteristics of cells, while this environment is not fully controlled. Plastic is one of the most important things to know about and understand. It can have a major influence on cell adherence and growth and can therefore ultimately influence the experimental results. Most of studies devoted to the analysis of HT1080 cell line growth relies on using different types of tissue culture plastic surface leading to inconsistencies regarding the growth of HT1080 in different plastic . Thus, optimal plastic surface for HT1080 cell line long term growth is usually unknown. For example, a study has been conducted by shalinsky et al for the modulation of dipyridamole (DPM) to act synerglstically with vinblastine (VBL) in the HT 1080 cell line, they have used corning plastic micro-plates to seed the cells and ran their experiment. The Human Fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell line used in the studies of the extracellular matrix proteins involved in attachment, invasion and metastasis as the HT1080 cells must attach to and spread underlying matrix in order to carry out normal metabolism, proliferation and differentiation. One of these studies is done by Miyake and colleges same corning 96 well micro-plates were used but it was coated with ECM and they found that HT1080 h ad better proliferation while cultured with coated microplate rather than uncoated and that can be explained due to capability of extracellular matrix (ECM) to hold the HT1080 cells and provide a highly organized lattice within cells can migrate and interact with each other. In addition, they found that HT 1080 cell line secret a large amount of extracellular matrix on the microplate surface, then HT1080 cell attach rapidly and they leave the underlying ECM intact and firmly attached to the plastic. Additionally, Ohizumai et al, have another choice of the plastic ware in their experiment as they have used falcon 96 well microplate to grow HT1080 cells and processed their study. In other study was done by Markus and Richard they have seeded the HT 1080 cell line in standard treated uncoated Falcon 24 well microplate and they have found that the HT1080 cell migration increased compared to other cell line such as HT29 and MCF7 cell lines, which confirms that different cell needs different types of plastic microplates to get the optimum growth and proliferation. Another study where HT1080 cells have been grown on different plastic ware type done by Simpson et al, in their study (combination of afusogenic Glycoprotein, producing Activation and oncolytic Herpes Simplex virus for Enhanced local tumor control). They have used coated Greiner plastic ware with lamim and they are of thousands of researchers who prefer to use coated plastic ware as its more effective and more significant while using plastic ware that are coated with ECM. In this context, the study of HT1080 cell line proliferation by growing the cells in different tissue culture plastics plates appears necessary for cell proliferation performance within different tissue culture plastic surfaces as well as cell response to such environmental changes In this study we have optimized the growth and the proliferation of the Human Fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells by growing them in different plastic ware including Falcon, Greiner and Corning plastic wares and study their proliferation using colorimetric assay(XTT based, Roche). The XTT assay method is based on the reduction of the tetrazolium salt XTT by viable cells in the presence of an electron coupling reagent. The reaction produces a soluble formazan salt. The XTT assay is sensitive, quantitative, reliable and automated methods led to the development of standard assays. Cell proliferation and viability assays are of particular importance for routine applications. Tetrazolium salts MTT and XTT are especially useful for assaying the quantification of viable cells. In this case variability of proliferation rates would more likely reflect plastic surface variability than real variations of inherent cell proliferation capabilities. Moreover, Measurement of HT1080 cell proliferation rates is used to determine the response of the cells growth as it is a significant element for monitoring the consistency of the culture and knowing the best time to subculture the optimum dilution, and the estimated platting efficiency at different HT1080 cell densities. Testing medium, serum, new culture vessels or substrate, and so forth, all require quantitative assessment. One of the difficulties in growing cells in vitro using conservative tissue culture techniques is that the cells rest on plastic rather than on their natural biological support and can only be nourished with media from their apical side. To explain my results it is important to know the plastic surface treatment of each type of plastic used in this study. Normal TC plastic has a net negative charge. TC treatment cross links carboxyl and amine groups and gives the plastic its net negative charge. TC surface modification is usually done by ionizing radiation or other physio-chemical methods ( F. Grinnell 1978 Int. Rev.Cytol 43. p.65 ). Falcon plastic ware showed better growth and proliferation of this cell line more than greiner and corning. The HT1080 cells were proliferating with Falcon plastic tissue culture plate two times more than with Greiner plastic plate and double its proliferation with Corning plastic plate. Falcon surface treatment is more advanced than Greiner plastic ware as Falcon Standard Tissue Culture (TC) surfaces exposed to vacuum-gas plasma or corona discharge treatment that create a number of negatively charged functional groups on the polystyrene surface and make it hydrophilic. Falcon company is believed to facilitate direct cell attachment and indirectly support attachment, spreading, and growth by binding serum proteins to the plastic surface. Each lot of Falcon plastic products is gamma irradiated to produce a sterile product and from the obtained results it was proved that Falcon is the best plastic substrate for the Human Fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell line growth and proliferation as the cel ls were proliferating increasingly till the last day. In contrast the HT1080 cells with Corning were growing and proliferating with gradual increase from the first day till the last day of experiment but their proliferation lower than the cells proliferation with Falcon. Although the Standard Corning polystyrene cell culture plastic wares have the same treatment of Falcon surface treatment. In addition from the results that we have obtained it seems to be that HT1080 cells were growing and proliferating more than when comparing their growth and proliferation with Greiner microplate. On the other hand, Greiner plastic ware are using different method to treat their tissue culture plastic wares, they are using a physical modification to make their TC-treated plates rather than chem

Comparison Between Hinduism and Budhism

Comparison of Two types of Pagan Religion i. e. Hinduism and Buddhism South Asian people have a well-defined amalgam of Abrahamic and Pagan religions. Two of the Pagan religions of this region are well-known in this region because their birth place South Asia. These two religions are â€Å"Hinduism† and â€Å"Buddhism†. Hinduism refers to the principal and most ancient religious tradition of India: in it the lives of the believers are governed by the doctrines of â€Å"Dharma† or universal law, â€Å"Karma† or the cumulative effects of personal actions, and â€Å"Samsara† or the cycle of rebirth, liberation from which is the first goal of life; [similarly] Buddhism is a religion and philosophic system, founded in India in the 6th cent. By Buddha: it teaches the right thinking and self-denial will enable the soul to reach Nirvana, a divine state of release from misdirected desire† (â€Å"Dictionary definitions you can understand-†).Altho ugh the birth place of both religions is South Asia and thus they stem from a similar Philosophy and culture, as S. Radhakrishnan says â€Å"Buddhism, in its origin at least is an offshoot of Hinduism† (qtd. In  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Buddhism & Hinduism, Comparative Study of Buddhism & Hinduism, Compare Contrast Buddhism & Hinduism. â€Å"); yet there is also a prominent difference in the major ideational elements of Doctrine of both; which includes â€Å"Concept of God†, â€Å"Reincarnation† and â€Å"Caste system†. In each and every religion of the World, the word â€Å"God† generally refers to designate a supreme power, who is the ultimate creator of the entire universe.In Hinduism there is also such definition for God. â€Å"Neither the multitude of gods nor great sages know my origin, for I am the source of all the gods and great sages. A mortal who knows me as the unborn, beginning-less great lord of the world is freed from all delusion and all evilsâ⠂¬  (â€Å"Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 2 – Verses 9 & 10. †). But the thorough study of Hinduism reveals it a polytheistic religion; indeed most of Hindus attest it by their worship of God. As they consider the many of living and non-living things to be divine and sacred.For example they consider the trees, the sun, the moon, the monkey, the snake and the human beings as manifestations of God. While in Buddhism, the designation of God is same as in Hinduism. As Gospel of Buddha says â€Å"There is, O monks, an unborn, unoriginated, uncreated, and unformed. Were there not, O monks, this unborn, unoriginated, uncreated, and unformed, there would be no escape from the world of the born, originated, created, formed. Since, O monks, there is an unborn, unoriginated, uncreated, and unformed, therefore is there an escape from the world of the born, originated, created, formed† (â€Å"The Gospel of Buddha†).But there appears difference in the belief in gods and godly manifestations of both religions; because in Buddhism there is no such entailment of godly figures in the original Buddhist doctrine, except in few sects. â€Å"Buddha was once asked by a disciple whether God exists. He refused to reply. When pressed, he said that if you are suffering from a stomach ache would you concentrate on relieving the pain or studying the prescription of the physician. â€Å"It is not my business or yours to find out whether there is God – our business is to remove the sufferings of the world† (â€Å"Concept of god in Buddhism†).Doctrine of Buddhism says that all these are the ways, by which people soothe themselves. â€Å"Gripped by fear, men go to the sacred mountains, sacred grooves, sacred trees and shrines† (â€Å"The Dhammapada 188†). But also Buddhists do not condemn the concept of gods and also they do not regard the believers of gods as sinners. Hinduism is considered as the complex mixture of religious philosoph ies and schools; but the soul of all this is â€Å"Reincarnation† i. e. the journey of the â€Å"soul† (atman) from one body to another body(cycle of birth and death).This cycle of birth and death (also known as â€Å"Samsara†) is summarized in the following verse of The Bhagavad Gita: â€Å"Just as a man discards worn out clothes and puts on new clothes, the soul discards worn out bodies and wears new ones. † (Chapter 2-Verse 22). As we profoundly glance over both the religions: â€Å"Buddhism shares some concepts of Reincarnation with Hinduism but on the major there appear differences. For example Theravada Buddhism emphasizes in the doctrine of â€Å"Anatta†, or no soul, which states there is no enduring entity that persists from one life to the next.While in Hinduism, â€Å"Karma† determines the circumstances of subsequent lives, so there is continuity between personalities but not persistence of identity. For this reason, Thervada Budd hist prefer the term â€Å"Rebirth† to â€Å"Reincarnation†. That is why in Buddhism, the law of â€Å"Karma† is viewed as naturalistic, akin to the laws of physics. Thus Buddhists do not consider the circumstances of â€Å"Rebirth† as rewards or punishment handed out by a controlling God, they simply regard it the natural result of various good and bad deeds.Thus contrary to the infinite cycle of â€Å"Reincarnation†: â€Å"Rebirth† inevitably involves suffering and ends when all carvings are lost and â€Å"Nirvana† is achieved† (â€Å"Does Hinduism Believe In Reincarnation. â€Å"). So Buddhists lead their lives in a way (negating the concept of infinite cycle of births and deaths), which leads them to their ultimate destination i. e. Nirvana Some of the teachings of every religion of the world provide the guidelines in order to secure the basic social rights of the people.But the there are some religion in which â€Å"Cast e system† has deprived the people from their basic social rights. â€Å"During the Buddha’s time â€Å"Brahmanism† was the predominant religion in India, in which all humans were divided into four castes i. e priests, warriors, traders and laborers. Later on this â€Å"Caste system† was absorbed into â€Å"Hinduism†, given religious legitimacy and sanction and has continued to function right up till the present. This has made the Social contact between each cast minimal and has provided the lower ones with the less opportunities, the less freedom and the less rights.Outside the caste system there are the outcast’s people, who are considered so impure that they are hardly counted as humans. On the other hand Buddha himself was born into the warrior caste, but he severely criticized the caste system. He ridiculed the priests’ claims to be superior, he criticized the theological basis of the system and he welcomed into the  Sangha  p eople of all castes, including outcasts. His most famous saying on the subject is: â€Å"Birth does not make one a priest or an outcaste. Behavior makes one either a priest or an outcaste†Ã¢â‚¬  (â€Å"Buddhist Studies: Caste System. â€Å").In summary to the religious beliefs, philosophies and social teachings; Buddhism provides an ultimate concept for an ultimate Power, similarly it gives the fascinating hope for ultimate destination â€Å"Nirvana† and also it maps a just society on the golden rules of equity. While Hinduism limits the ultimate concept of God to worldly figures, similarly the concept of â€Å"Reincarnation†, negates the ultimate destination; which indirectly, is the negation of God and also the caste system in it makes the life of its follower’s worldly punishment, because deprivation of basic social rights leads the people to inferiority complex. Bhagavad Gita: Chapter 2 – Verses 9,10 &22†³Ã‚  Bamboo Wisdom. Web. 19 Oct. 2011.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Buddhism & Hinduism, Comparative Study of Buddhism & Hinduism,Compare Contrast Buddhism & Hinduism. †Ã‚  Buddhist Tourism,Travel Buddhist Sites,Buddhist Tourism in India, Japan, Tibet, China. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. http://www. buddhist-tourism. com/buddhism/religion/buddhism-hinduism. html â€Å"Buddhist Studies: Caste System. †Ã‚  BuddhaNet – Worldwide Buddhist Information and Education Network. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. . Does Hinduism Believe In Reincarnation? †Ã‚  Personal Development on a Deeper Level – Tyler Hardy. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. . â€Å"Reincarnation – World, Body, Life, History, Beliefs, Time, Person, Human, Hinduism, Buddhism, Shiite Muslims, Judaism and Christianity, Ancient Greece, West Africa. â€Å"Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. . â€Å"South Asia – Definition | WordIQ. com. †Ã‚  Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus – WordIQ Dictionary. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. â€Å"The Dhammap ada: Verses and Stories.   Tipitaka Network: Bringing Dhamma Studies to You. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. . â€Å"The Gospel of Buddha. †Ã‚  The Reluctant Messenger of Science and Religion: Science and the World's Religions Are Pieces to a Puzzle That Need Each Other to Form a Complete Picture. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. ;http://reluctant-messenger. com/gospel_buddha/chapter_20. htm;. â€Å" Concept of god in Buddhism-by Dr. Zakir Naik† Dictionary Definitions You Can Understand – YourDictionary. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. ;http://www. yourdictionary. com;. http://saif_w. tripod. com/interfaith/general/god/inbuddhism. htm

My house

I live in a small town which called Wborg. Here I live with my family : father, mother, brother and cat. We have been living in block of flats house since 1994. Our flat placed on the sixth floor, we have a nice view on the nature from our balcony. On the first floor we have fence with hedge and lawn of ours home ornamented with animals. I live in a standard two room flat without facilities like a gym or sauna in flat. Big wardrobe with mirror staying in the passage where we keep our clothes and shoes. The floor is parquet in the passage, living room and kitchen.In the living room a big Persian rug with near standing sofa-bed with cushions, curtain on the window, huge bookcase with fitted place for tv, folding table from wood standing in the center of room. Hole room in bright and brown colors and curtain in brown color too. In the bedroom I live with my older brother who is living here now. Colors of our room are white, brown and red. We have two sofa-bed with pillows where we are s leeping, wardrobe for me and brother, little chest of drawers, large table where standing two computers with acoustic near 80 kilowatt.The main part of our room is horizontal bar with punching bag. It allows doing sport in a room without gym. The bathroom isn't separated with toilet but it's both tiled in bright colors. Ordinary bath with shower standing in the bathroom, washing machine standing there too, washbasin with drawer where we keep thing like shampoo, razor, shaving foam and something for bath. The main difference from kitchen of other people it's bar. It's really comfortable to eat for it or sitting in internet. There are a lot of electronic device such as : fridge, ooker, toaster, microwave, food processor, electronic kettle and laptop.We haven't fitted kitchen and so we have a lot of cupboard and drawers. Big table standing in the center of kitchen where I with my family can have dinner together and share all news with them. Colors of kitchen are silver and blue. Unfort unately it's better to live in the suburbs but I love to live here. It isn't far from city center and it close to all my friend. My home is where I feel safe and happy, where I am always welcome and where I can come in any difficult minute and find help and comfort.

Louis Armstrong essays

Louis Armstrong essays Louis Satchmo (Satchelmouth) Armstrong was born August 4, 1901 in New Orleans, Louisiana (the birthplace of jazz). Putting together the facts around his birth and childhood is difficult because what is known depends mostly on what he later told people. He was raised by his grandmother, Josephine Armstrong, as an infant. At the time of his birth his father walked out on him and his mother. Louis spoke with anger about his dad when he mentioned him at all. He hated his father so much that he told reporter Larry King, I was touring Europe when my father died. Didnt go to his funeral, didnt send nothing. Why should I? He never had no time for me or Mary Ann (his mother). (Collier 19) Armstrong had a genuine affection for his mother, even though se was very undependable, leaving her son to take care of himself and his sister for days at a time. Louis grew up in a tough area in New Orleans knows as The Battle Field where gun play and knife fights were common. At the age of seven he moved to black Storyville. It consisted of dance halls, honky tonks, and brothels. Like Londons Soho, it was an entertainment district. He grew up with music all around him. He could hear music outside his house when he woke up and when he went to bed. It is recorded that Louis did attend school at the Fish school where he learned to read and write. It is not a known fact how long he attended school, but we do know that on New Years Eve, 1912, he was arrested for shooting a gun. He was about eleven years old at the time, and this was considered a very serious offense. He was sent to a reform school on the outskirts of New Orleans called the Coloreds Waif House. It was here that he was introduced to organized music in the form of the school band. Captain Joseph Jones led the band in a military fashion that was extremely strict. This is where Louiss life changed from a delinquen...

Why Job Hopping Can Boost Your Career

Why Job Hopping Can Boost Your Career Younger employees and Millennials (shout out to everyone with the Snake People plug in!) so often hear that â€Å"this isn’t their parents’ job market† and other frightening underemployment statistics. But here’s some  good news! It may actually be a smart career decision to fluctuate  in your employment history. Here are some  compelling reasons to have a dynamic track record instead of a mono-job history. Aim for 4 years max a one place, and then start looking for your next opportunity.  Rapidly Evolving Skill SetsIf you’re changing jobs every few years, you’re expanding and freshening up your skill set, learning new things, and just as important, acquiring resume-worthy evidence of your evolving job responsibilities. This is also good news for job seekers, because a job you wouldn’t have qualified for a few years ago may have shifted and revamped since its last tenant left.  Technological AdvancementsSpending 4+ years in t he same job is a great way to get comfortable with the in-house software, content management, sales procedures, etc- but even if your company isn’t constantly adopting new technology, your competitors might be. Whether you’re a systems administrator or occupy a more front-of-house role, stay on top of the technological options in your field so that if you change lanes, you’ll be able to keep up.  PerceptionDating analogies in the midst of job discussions generally creep me out, but in this case I think it’s a pretty good comparison. If you meet someone recently out of a 14-year relationship, are you more or less likely to go on another date with them than the person you meet the next night who’s had a series of stable but shorter-term relationships?Put yourself in a hiring manager’s shoes- someone with 3 jobs in 10  years can come across as easier to train, more adaptable, and more motivated.  Career AdvancementWhen you stay in one pla ce for a long period of time, if you’re behind someone on the job ladder, there’s always a chance you won’t get to move up until they move up or move on. But if you’re making ambitious moves and expanding your horizons as you change jobs, you can evolve more quickly than you would have done by staying put.As always, be thoughtful about all professional life choices- give each decision time, communicate honestly and in a timely manner with your employers, and make your best effort not to burn any bridges. You don’t want to come across as unfocused or irresponsible, and you certainly don’t want to leave a string of employers who think you’re a flight risk!

The Summary of Krugman Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Summary of Krugman Article - Essay Example The firms where served by the slaves working in these firms. Unlike the 17th century, America of today is more urbanized and is characterized by metropolitan environment with no small towns. The urbanization of America has led to mass rural-urban migration with people leaving villages for the urban environment in search of modern and industrial jobs (New York Times, July 5, 2013). In addition, the author compares the ethnicity and religion evolution of the 17th century and 21st century. During the 17th century majority of the Americans were WASP with only a few Protestants, today majority of Americans have European and Britain ethnicity. Krugman (72) concludes by comparing the history of American democracy of today to that of the 17th century. Unlike the 17th century, America remains the best country in terms of democracy, freedom, and protection of human rights (New York Times, July 2, 2013). Summary of Holcberg In the article, â€Å"Human Organ for Sale† Holcberg describes t he need for well-wishers and good Samaritans to take part in rescuing over 80,000 suffering individual who need some body organs. The calls out for public response purposely to donate their body organs to other Americans who cannot afford to buy given the high costs of these body organs. According to Holcberg (51), this legal trade on the human body organs is founded on personal beliefs and choices that must be made by the patient. The patient has the choice to evaluate the degree of the risks that are associated with organ transplant, including surgery and financial costs. This would guide the patient’s choices before accepting organ transplant. Secondly, Holcberg (52) argues that personal and constitutional freedom must be exercise. Therefore, everyone has a right to donate or not donate his or her organs to the needy people. The law should not only recognize the right to organ donation but also the freedom to sale these organs (Holcberg 54). He further emphasizes on the ne ed to educate the poor people so as to enable them make informed and rational choice in life. By educating the low income members of the society, their ability to participate in informed decision-making process are enhances. Education s the poor with the knowledge and social skills including the right to sell or donate their body organs at will. He concluded by asserting that the solution to lack of organ related suffering among the Americans would be realized through legalization of organ trade in American (Holcberg 32). In his view, saving human lives starts with giving freedom and rights to people to trade in organs at will with the constitutional protection behind them. Sale of Human Organ in Support of Life Many people lose their lives yearly because of organ related conditions that would have been avoided had organ sales been legalized. Deplorable health conditions and poverty cause many thousands to die yet these deaths are avoidable and can be saved. The concept of organ don ation has dominated a number of legal debates with respect to its legalization. According to Holcberg, legalization of organ trade and donation would be a fundamental life saving step. Legalization of this trade will play a role in improving the quality of life for the donor and the recipient. For instance, a family member with the right to organ donation may opt to sale one of his organs (kidney or liver) to finance better treatment for one of his or her family member (Holcberg 53). Under such circumstance, legalized organ sale would prove beneficial in financially empowering the family at large. Any restriction on organ sale is likely to leave the family in deplorable financial condition with no hope for tomorrow yet a sale of one organ would generate financial